This book is written against that broad intellectual background. Its principal concern is to introduce readers to the major developments in Translation Studies while maintaining a clear connection between theoretical reflection and translation practice. As the discussion throughout the book demonstrates, no single theoretical model is sufficient to explain the full complexity of translation. Linguistic approaches remain important for understanding lexical, grammatical, and structural relationships; comparative approaches contribute valuable insights into differences between languages; functionalist theories foreground purpose and communicative function; cultural approaches draw attention to norms, values, ideology, and power; textual approaches emphasize discourse, context, and textuality; while cognitive approaches investigate the mental processes and strategies involved in translating.
